COUNTER Counter are sequential circuits that keep record of the clock pulses sent. Counter consist of a group of flip-flops. It has characteristic internal sequence of state through which it passes if a series of clock pulses are applied to it. Ring counter is the most widely used shift register counter which is the basic ring counter as well as the twisted ring counter. MSI counters are of two type namely asynchronous counters and synchronous counters. Ring Counters Ring counter is the simplest shift register counter of the basic ring counter. The logic diagram for 4-bit ring counter using four D flip-flop is shown in the figure. The Q output of each D FF is connected ti the D input of next D FF and the Q output of the last D FF is connected to D input of first D FF. IT is clear that the array of D FF is connected in a ring and therefore it is known as ring counter. The figure of J-K flip-flop is shown in the figure Similarly th...
Counters in Computer Architecture